![]() The synthetic variety is called Bremen Green. Derived from native carbonate of copper, it is perhaps the oldest known bright green pigment. Local records indicate that the sale of Indian Yellow was prohibited as an act of preventing cruelty to animals, as mango leaves do not have the proper nutrients for cattle.Īlso known as Mineral Green or Verdeazzuro, Malachite is a pigment that was used by many early civilizations. Bengal, India was the chief exporter to Europe from the early 19th century until 1908. The process was introduced to India by the Persians as early as the 15th century. There is a pigment, (PG 8) that is sometimes called Hooker’s Green, but this pigment does not offer any significant improvement over blends, as it is (ASTM III) fugitive.Īlso known as Puree, Peoli, or Gaugoli, True Indian Yellow (euxanthic acid) was produced by heating the urine of cattle fed mango leaves. Modern Hooker’s Green is usually a blend of Phthalo Blue and Cadmium Yellow. More lightfast varieties were later created with Aureolin. The earliest Hooker’s Greens were a blend of Gamboge and Prussian Blue. Cobalt Violet is toxic and costly to produce, and the weak pigment quickly was replaced by the cleaner, stronger Manganese Violet. Two costly versions, anhydrous cobalt phosphate or cobalt ammonium phosphate, (sometimes combined) were used. In 1860, Cobalt Violet was introduced and gradually developed, refined, and later created synthetically. Although true Cobalt Yellow can be found, it is generally not in use. Aureolin (chemically known as Potassium Baltintrite) was popular until the late 19th century, when less expensive, cleaner and more lightfast pigments like the Cadmiums were introduced. Although Rembrandt used Asphaltum with good success, there is much evidence that other painters’ work did not fare as well, and severe darkening was the result.Īlso known as Cobalt Yellow, Aureolin replaced an earlier pigment called Gamboge, which was an Asian yellow gum used until the 19th century. Lightfastness III, Alizarin Crimson was replaced 90 years later by the Lightfastness I Quinacridones, developed by Struve in 1958.Īlso known as Bitumen, Asphaltum is a solution of asphalt in oil or turpentine, used since prehistoric times as a protective coating. The use of Genuine Madder practically ceased after the introduction of Alizarin. Madder came to Europe during the time of the Crusades. Pliny the Elder termed it “Rubia”, and it has been found in Egyptian tombs. Madder dates to before the time of the ancient Greeks. This is historically significant as it represents the first synthetic duplication of a pigment. ![]() This was accomplished by isolating part of the madder root colorant, 1,2 dihydroxyanthraquinone (Alizarin), from the more fugitive 1,2,4 trihydrozyanthraquinone (Purpurin). Alizarin Crimson was created in 1868 by the German chemists, Grabe and Lieberman, as a more lightfast substitute to Genuine Rose Madder.
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